Research and development in private law

Research and development in private law

The criterion of the effect of Duress In contracts, a serious challenge in Article 202 of the Civil Code. A comparative study in Imami jurisprudence, Iranian law, the law of European countries, and the principles of international commercial contract

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Author
SEYED MOHAMMAD HASSAN MOMENI
Assistant Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Law,, Allameh Tabataba’i university, Tehran, Iran. Senior Professor of Islamic Seminary - (Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law) - of Qom.
10.22034/jpl.2025.2072154.1242
Abstract
Will and discretion play a serious role in the field of responsibility and are disrupted under the influence of duress. Disruption of will occurs with the violation of intention and discretion, or the loss of consent. This factor can be formed in private law, contracts and status provisions or in the field of criminal law, crimes and religious prohibitions. Article 202 of the Civil Code considers duress as criminal law and considers the element of intransigence as a condition for its realization and effect. While in the law of contracts and status provisions, what forms the reality of duress and causes its effect is the same factor of pressure, threat and imposition to the extent that it distorts the element of consent and disrupts the will in this regard, and there is no necessity or need to introduce the element of intransigence as a condition for the realization of duress, and therefore the approach of civil law faces a serious challenge.

This research, through a comparative study of Imami jurisprudence, Iranian law, the law of European countries, and the principles of international commercial contracts, has established the theory of distinguishing duress in the field of contract law from the criminal field in an analytical-descriptive manner, and considers the criterion of duress in contract law to be the mere violation of consent, and does not consider the consideration of the element of "lack of resilience" to be necessary in its realization, and has considered Article 202 of the Civil Code to be caught in a kind of confusion of the field of criminal law with the field of private law and the field of contracts.

Therefore, from the perspective of private law and contract law, the party who is emotionally abused is in a way a victim of "duress and coercion" and lacks consent, and the contract formed by him is not complete and enforceable. However, in criminal law and religious prohibitions, for the realization of duress and its effect on the removal of criminal liability, the element of "lack of resilience and resistance" against crime and forbidden things is necessary, and mere lack of consent and unpleasantness is not sufficient to remove criminal liability and avoid committing religious forbidden things.

Highlights

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Keywords
will
choice
intention
consent resilience
Duress
contract
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